Secure the trench drain assembly. Trench drain systems shall employ an angled grade on both sides of a linear trench to move runoff into a point along the channel. The channel body features a standard 2" (50 mm) no-hub outlet and is attached to the pipe using an appropriate mechanical (e. We offer a water drainage channel system, along with many options for all your water drainage needs. 855-663-9876, Fax 814-454-7929 In Canada | Zurn Industries Limited 3544 Nashua Drive, Mississauga, Ontario L4V 1L2 · Ph. Drain Systems. Storm Drain 40 in. 9x5. [2] 3. Line the Trench With Fabric. ACO has been manufacturing and supplying products to urban and civil infrastructure projects in Australia for over 25 years and worldwide for over 50 years. 25″ robust extruded PVC channel drain designed for residential and light commercial projects. Channel drains are made from a variety of materials such as plastic and concrete. Eric’sons Dura Trench recommends that linear drain products should be installed at a distance of 3 feet and 1 inch minimum from the inside wall of all pools. z883 6" wide shallow trench drain system 10 z887 catch basin 11 stainless / sani-flo® zs880 stainless steel linear shower drain 12 z890 6" stainless steel trench drain system 13 z895 12" stainless steel trench drain system 14 z898 18" wide trench drain system 15 z894 24" wide trench drain system 16 z899-100 elevator trench drain system 17 VEVOR Trench Drain System, Channel Drain with Plastic Grate, 5. More affordable than an exterior system. . Discover VEVOR Trench Drain System, Channel Drain with Plastic Grate, 5. NDS Dura Slope Trench Drain Systems are designed to provide a solution for residential, commercial, and industrial drainage needs. The collected water is also used to replenish the freshwater supply in your area. Product Line. Storm Water Pit and Catch Basin for Modular Trench and Channel Drain Systems with Aluminum Grate. S. $112. Exterior drains often “drain to daylight,” meaning they channel water to an appropriate location away from the home, like a street discharge or dry well. They are available in a range of load ratings (EN 1433), styles (mesh, slotted. An open drainage system is a canal created to channel runoff water and prevent flooding or pooling on a property. 1" H x 39. They’re also narrow and easy to disguise with plants or similar groundcovers, so you don’t need to worry about the drain covers ruining the aesthetics of your yard. and have radiused self-cleaning bottom. The average cost to install a drainage system in yard is $8 to $15 per linear foot or between $1,200 and $8,000, depending on the lawn size. This flexibility allows you to easily create a customized drainage system for your home. NOTE: The POLYCAST® drain system must not be utilized as an expansion joint, control joint or construction joint. Most installations can be completed in 2 days or less. Installing a channel drain starts with a narrow trench cut into the concrete or asphalt. Installing a channel drain starts with a narrow trench cut into the concrete or asphalt. 6%. Eliminating outdoor runoff water which can cause flooding and pooling around a property is quick and easy with the RELN Storm Drain Channel system. 3 Ft in length. View All Products. Related Searches. The compact Trench Drain is visually appealing due to its sleek, yet sturdy, construction and adds an aesthetic touch it its surroundings. The top-selling product within RELN Channel Drains is the RELN Storm Drain Deep Series 5 in. 1-Inch HDPE Drainage Trench, Black Plastic Garage Floor Drain, 3x39 Trench Drain Grate, with 3 End Caps, for Garden, Driveway-3 Pack NDS 2351 Spee-D® Channel Drain Bottom Outlet Assembly, 4-3/4 inch X 7 inch, includes both Channel and Prefastened Gray. Civil - S. 4 in. 46 m) deep. Trench Drain Systems offers an extensive line of trench. The Different Types of Trench Drains. These 3″ wide non-sloped channels are UV protected and manufactured from durable lightweight polyolefin. Other disadvantages of plastic include: Plastic is compromised by the sun’s UV rays; Plastic drains are smaller than precast;. The top-selling product within RELN Channel Drains is the RELN Storm Drain Deep Series 5 in. S. The system comes with pre fabricated bottom outlet knockouts giving flexibility on whether one would like to side outlet or. Related Products. Cover the filter fabric with a 3-4” layer of crushed stone. 2. This drainage system offers a modular design with interlocking components to enable quick and easy connections. By manufacturing parts with fewer pieces, we keep installation simple, with little opportunity for mistakes. Protective edge rails in galvanized steel (K series) or 304 stainless steel (KS series) Wide range of grates from ADA-compliant to heavy vehicular. Make sure that the pipe extends about 3 or 4 inches. Learn more about our Dura Slope trench drains! A grated channel drain is a type of drainage system featuring a highly optimised, long, narrow design. ®. Drainage Trench – Channel Drain With Galvanized Steel Grate – 3 X 39" – (117" Total Length) The Low-profile channel drain system is perfect for lightweight to medium applications, measuring 5 inches in width, 3 inches in height, and 39 inches in length, with a total length of 117 inches if you choose the 3-PACK option. A French drain is a drainage system that redirects water away from a building’s foundation. This makes them a very versatile drain system. 69" Deep Dura Slope Channel. Modular design connects together for longer runs, can be cut to size as short as 4 in. ). L Plastic Trench and Channel Drain Kit with Galvanized Steel Grate (6-Pack) Compare. 05 lb. AXOR AXOR Drain Finish set shower drain 700. Buy VEVOR Trench Drain System, Channel Drain with Plastic Grate, 5. 4" L. Featuring multiple size options and an interlocking design, this drain system offers flexibility. A trench drain is a linear drainage application used to catch, collect and convey water from a starting location to and an outlet or catch basin. After completing each step, glue parts together. Made from 100% recycled plastic with renewable solar energy. Some homeowners install channel drains around pools to help drain water as it overflows over the sides. With a complete range of accessories, and our no-screws clip-in grate design, our product is designed to make life easy. Modular channel sections are made of 0% water absorbent high density polyethylene. increments using saw guide. 9" W x 5. 1 | P a g e Modular Range 200 Series Trench drain system is a full range of modular channels with gratings. Zurn Trench Drain offers the durability and flexibility expected in commercial applications for trench drain systems. Channel Drain Systems Maintenance. All systems have 130 ft (40 m) continuous slope. The systems design allows maximum. Use the float to completely fill the gap under any existing walls. The Slim Channel Drain Kit comes with a polyvinyl chloride channel drain preassembled with slotted. 4" L. 9" W x 7. Under Deck drainage systems protect your deck frame from moisture that can cause wood rot and decay while creating a dry, usable area underneath your second-story deck. Step 3: Place the Trench Drain. . The section of drain used in the video is a 4″ wide trench drain, but the same methods apply to the 8″ and 12″ wide versions. The Polylok Heavy Duty Trench Drain system has an H-20 wheel load rating when cast in reinforced concrete. 7x3. Avoid the accumulation of water in your yard when spring arrives or after heavy rainstorms. 5" Pro Series Channel Drain Kit with Metal Grate SKU # 864GMTL. For all your Drain Needs. If there is a lot of ice, though, you may need to use more. As part of a complete drainage system, channel drains collect and convey water to drain pipes, which carry the water downstream to discharge with a pop-up emitter or to percolate into the ground with a dry well or infiltration trench. 00 incl VAT. NDS experts can help solve your problem. for pricing and availability. Deep drains work best for heavy flows while shallow drains fit best in slabs or other areas with little fall depth. End outlets are standard, but if you need to disperse large amounts of water, take advantage of the bottom outlets. More Details. D 39. 5″ and 7. Pro series channel made of polypropylene (PP) using a combination of virgin and recycled content treated with UV inhibitors to. The Mini Channel trench drain system includes a choice of sand or grey colored channel. Place your channel drain in the trench at the appropriate height, making sure it is in line with the string from Step 2. VEVOR Trench Drain System, Channel Drain with Plastic Grate, 5. TDS is one of the largest distributors of drainage products in the U. The materials that make up a channel drain is in large part why the system is long lasting. Find a wide rage of drainage products at Trench Drain Systems. Slide a 3-ft. Length. wide, 3-3/4 in. Dura Trench prefabricated trench drain systems are our most popular product line. 5% slope built in but can be manufactured with any slope specified. The valley must dip downhill to direct the water to the proper location. Channel or trench drain installation costs around $30 to $100 per linear foot. We carry a curated selection of modular drainage systems that are designed with functionality and ease of use in mind. KlassikDrain – K300 Galvanized Steel Edge Rail Channel System Spec Sheet. 8 in. 5. Watts Large Capacity 15 in. This might not be an expensive project but it will produce p. If you use neutral (non-sloping) channels be aware of what it does to the flow capacity of the system. Co-op was looking for excellent flow rates and it is corrosion resistant to the car wash chemicals. Excavate and form the driveway trench. This system is A Class load rated - for pedestrian use , and very light traffic. A trench drain system can even help protect plants by diverting water that would otherwise flood them. It can save you hundreds of dollars to order a drainage system that is entirely plastic, just in shipping costs alone. 4" L. Kompaqdrain compact channel with Max Flow system High drainage capacity and maximum safety. TDS is one of the largest distributors of drainage products in the U. Swiftdrain 600. MEALINE S Drainage Channel with Galvanised Slotted Grating 1m - A15. The closure fits flush with the channel upper surface giving an attractive. 5-Inch HDPE Drainage Trench, Black Plastic Garage Floor Drain, 4x39 Trench Drain Grate,. 7% sloped and neutral channels–no couplers required. VEVOR Trench Drain System, Channel Drain with Plastic Grate, 5. VEVOR Trench Drain System, Channel Drain with Metal Grate, 5. Complex installs might run $150 per linear foot. Catch basins and pipes should be fitted tightly to be leak-free. The materials of a channel drain are also durable to the point where you don’t have to worry about quick deterioration from something like chemical use. This is because a steep slope can cause excessive water to seep below your home if there are drainage issues, and the drain’s subsurface installation makes it harder to get to. 68" - 6. This system is the only trench drain on the market with paw proof grates. 1" H x 39. Rain Bird offers a range of channel drain products for various applications, such as sidewalks, driveways, patios and light commercial sites. Use with the Spee-D channel drainage system to collect and direct water to drain pipes for proper release downstream. Install the grates over the trench drain channels. System is designed so that it can be cut to almost any length. S. Select an area where the slope will ensure the water runs into the. 00 incl VAT. 4" L. The drain channel can be cleaned with flush valves automatically, saving labor and money. Shop for outdoor drainage products & accessories at Home Depot Canada. As part of a complete drainage system, channel drains collect and convey water to drain pipes, which carry the water downstream to discharge with a pop-up emitter, or to percolate into the ground with a dry well or infiltration trench. Solve the drainage problem with theThe standard 4 Inch (100mm) PolyDrain trench drain system contains both pre-sloped and non-sloped drain channels, grates, frames, catch basins, channel end plates, installation aids, and all other trench drain components to provide a. SKU: Z-886. Load rating based on type of grate installed. Trench Drain Systems offers cut sheets for NDS dura slope system, mini channel, slim channel, catch basins and more. NDS, Gray 241-1 Spee-D Channel Drain Grate, 4-1/8 in. FG. Drain channels are easily inter-connected (must match #1 to #2, #2 to #3, #3 to #4, etc. Designing the “in-Concrete” Trench Drain System. Depths from 4. If you’re interested in creating an open drainage system on your land, keep reading. Trench drains with versatile uses suitable for intermediate loads and road traffic for areas of low. VEVOR Trench Drain System, Channel Drain with Metal Grate, 5. PPE plastic snap and lock connection , removable for cleaning. L Trench and Channel Drain with Black Grate. Manufactured from HDPE, this trench drain offers a durable alternative to concrete channel that will save time and reduce cost at installation. level to make sure you have at least 1/8 in. Works with the Spee-D. ACO Infrastructure Surface drainage systems for roads, bridges and airports. The HK series is based on the KlassikDrain grate and rail system where grates are secured with either the QuickLok locking system or DrainLok boltless locking. 5% slopeGive us a call at 646-227-0910. A steel driveway trench, for example, could be $100, while a concrete one could be $300. 9x5. Pathways and patios can become unusable and unsafe if they are left covered with surface water. ”. What They Do. 7. Learn about the different types, sizes, materials and features of NDS channel and trench drain systems and find the right one for your job. 5 ft (0. The products are designed. Modular Design. Trench Drains. ACO Drain consists of cast polymer concrete bodies with either galvanized steel, stainless steel or cast iron wearing edges. Dura Trench can help with roadway and highway channel drain systems. Without proper maintenance, we run the risk of costly repairs, foul odors, and lowered productivity. VEVOR Trench Drain System, Channel Drain with Metal Grate, 5. The system offers a matching inline sump if required. Channel with 2. W x 5. TDS’s SS600 Series is a new stainless steel trench drain designed for small commercial markets. Learn more about our Dura Slope trench drains!A grated channel drain system, also known as a trench drain, is designed to manage water overflows in outdoor spaces. Documents. Related Searches. Dig a trench from the place in your yard that needs drainage to your chosen outlet. U. in. Find My Store. 5 out of 5 Customer Rating. In this scenario, a surface drainage system is more ideal if the slope is greater than one and a half inches. , 3. Discover VEVOR Trench Drain System,5. About this item . Download Article. Commercial water drainage systems allow safe and efficient drainage for grassed areas, gardens, farms, patio areas, pool sides, office. Each channel has available accessories that easily connect to a variety of pipe types and sizes, such as end outlets, bottom outlets, 90s and tees. Did my video above HELP you? How about treating me to a mocha-chip ice cream cone? Quick Start Guide here: h. Or call us at 888-825-4716. Commercial water drainage systems allow safe and efficient drainage for grassed areas, gardens, farms, patio areas, pool sides, office buildings, driveways, or factory interiors. Or call us at 888-825-4716. Learn about the different types, sizes, materials and features of NDS channel and trench drain. Add to basket. Also known as a trench drain or a linear drainage channel, a channel drain is an essential product for preventing drainage and rainwater issues on non-porous surfaces. To suit many applications, our range of AS 3996 compliant grates, slotted. Liquids shall be discharged by gravity flow at the end of the drain into an underground pipe system or culvert. Add to Wish List. Add to basket. Commercial water drainage systems allow safe and efficient drainage for grassed areas, gardens, farms, patio areas, pool sides, office. Inches 2mm Weight lbs. Connect It. Each system uses different materials and. VEVOR Trench Drain System, Channel Drain with Plastic Grate, 5. Or call us at 888-825-4716. Easy to Install. They are capable of handling heavy water flow, are quick and simple to install. 87 200 141. 4-Inch HDPE Drainage Trench,Channel Drain with Plastic Grate,Black Plastic Garage Floor Drain,3x39 Trench Drain Grate,with 3 End Caps, for Garden, Driveway-3 Pack, Hassle-Free Installation and Removable Grates at lowest price, 2days delivery, 30days returns. Durably made from HDPE, the NDS Dura Slope system offers the strength of a concrete trench system without the costly installation. Simply choose amongst its many design, color, and size options to create a custom trench drain. 8 sq. KlassikDrain is a general purpose trench drain system available in 4″ (100 mm) – K100, 8″ (200 mm) – K200 and 12″ (300 mm) – K300 internal width with either galvanized or stainless steel edge rail. every 4 ft. Channel and Trench Drains. From upfront design consultation, to simplified installation, and performance after your job is done, we’re here to meet all of your trench drain project requirements. Portfolios. 05 lb. A trench drain system is an elongated drainage system used to remove excess surface water from an area, by use of a drainage channel, covered with a grate. FILCOTEN Trench Drains Fiber-Reinforced Concrete. Micro Channel Drain and grate are one integrated piece; modular design makes it easy to customize layout. 9" W x 5. Pathways and patios can become unusable and unsafe if they are left covered with surface water. Add to Wish List. 1. Advantages of an interior vs. More Details. Valleys or Swales. . The SlabDrain – HK series are available in 4” (H100K-6 & H100-8), 8” (H200K-13), and 12” (H300K-13) internal width. Compared to its peers; Swiftdrain has trench drains that are identical in functionality for a third of the price. The section of drain used in the video is a 4″ wide trench drain, but the same methods apply to the 8″ and 12″ wide versions. Backfill the trenches to cover the piping and you are done. The system offers a matching inline sump if required. ACO Sport. KPRC 2 Investigates has been working for 18 months to help people dealing with water bill issues. 6. and have radiused self-cleaning bottom. Use a spade to dig a trench wide enough to accommodate the drain pipe, plus a bit of room on either side for gravel. 6000 Series Shallow Profile Slot Drain < Shallow Profile Slot Drain is a cost effective surface drainage system that is available in stainless steel. Using the string from step two as a guide, place your channel drain to set the grade. Grating Info. Catch basins, bottom outlets, 3" 4" 6" 8" and 12" pipe connections. 00 EACH Add to Cart No Availability. 5" Pro Series Deep Profile Grate and Channel Drain 90-degree Elbow SKU # 861. The four main types of residential draining systems include surface, subsurface, slope, and downspouts, and gutter systems. of slope per foot of tubing (1/2 in. Ferguson is the #1 US plumbing supply company and a top distributor of HVAC parts, waterworks supplies, and MRO products. long for smaller sections. Some can be as short as a foot or two while others can easily span over 10 feet. They are available in a range of load ratings (EN 1433), styles (mesh, slotted. 1. 4. Plastic Channel Drains – can only be used for residential driveways since they are not engineered for vehicular weight – unless they’re encased in concrete – so the preferred solution is to install a precast concrete system. This will help you establish the proper pitch along with the digging already done. Zurn's Linear Trench Drains are engineered to deliver structural strength, while being lightweight. Connecting pieces are also available to complete your installation. PDX is available in 7 different interior widths from 6” [152mm] up to 24” [609mm] with depth increments from 0. Trench Drain. A complete drainage system with ADA compliant pedestrian safe grates, it is perfect for paths and driveways. Gratings Gratings sit on top of the channel body at the surface level and come in various inlet openings that allow surface water to drain into the channel. channel unless they are properly secured in place with a grating and grate hold-down device. By installing a trench drain along the base of the wall or step, you provide a conduit to redirect water to a more suitable location. KlassikDrain is a general purpose trench drain system available in 4″ (100 mm) – K100, 8″ (200 mm) – K200 and 12″ (300 mm) – K300 internal width with either galvanized or stainless steel edge rail. Specs and Installation. Trench Drain - POLYCAST. Drainage channels for pedestrian use and occasional car traffic, for areas of low hydraulic. Trench drain systems shall employ an angled grade on both sides of a linear trench to move runoff into a point along the channel. The Flo-Well should be installed at least 10 feet away from any existing structure. 4 in. 25" - 28". sewer and drain pipe & 4 in. 5-Inch HDPE Drainage Trench, Black Plastic Garage Floor Drain, 4x39 Trench Drain Grate, with 4 End Caps, for Garden, Driveway-4 Pack: Drain Strainers - Amazon. 87. 7% and has a modular design. Long runs with continuous slope and traffic. 1. Eric’sons Dura Trench recommends that linear drain products should be installed at a distance of 3 feet and 1 inch minimum from the inside wall of all pools. Point drainage, which intercepts water at gullies (points). An open channel or drain system generally consists of a secondary drainage system, with a network of small drains attached (micro-drainage). $1. Commercial water drainage systems allow safe and efficient drainage for grassed areas, gardens, farms, patio areas, pool sides, office. 7 x 3. Ideal for paths, driveways and domestic areas. 1. sewer and drain pipe & 4 in. In contrast, they have more parts – channels, caps, and grates that need frequent brushing and might hike costs. Commercial water drainage systems allow safe and efficient drainage for grassed areas, gardens, farms, patio areas, pool sides, office. Dura. Modular commercial trench drain with variety of grates. More affordable than an exterior system. Part of NDS Dura Slope Series. All NDS Channel and Trench Drain. Ferguson is the #1 US plumbing supply company and a top distributor of HVAC parts, waterworks supplies, and MRO products. 1-Inch HDPE Drainage Trench, Black Plastic Garage Floor Drain, 6x39 Trench Drain Grate, with 6. ACO Building Drainage Complete system for indoor drainage. 5 out of 5 Customer Rating. French drains need to have a slope of at least 1 percent, so the force of gravity will work for you. ACO Drain ® systems consist of factory manufactured modular channel units made from corrosion resistant Polycrete ® channels, together with grates from a variety of materials for all loading applications. com FREE DELIVERY possible on eligible purchasesSleek, narrow 1-1/4 in. Pre sloped at 1%. T hese products are used to collect excess runoff water and dispense it into an undergroundDura Trench prefabricated trench drain systems are our most popular product line. ACO Drain consists of cast polymer concrete bodies with either galvanized steel, stainless steel or cast iron wearing edges. Make sure the tube slopes to drain the water. Compared to its peers; Swiftdrain has trench drains that are identical in functionality for a third of the price. £14. First, dig a “French trench. Patented interior drainage systems from Basement Systems are clog resistant. Low-profile Drain System: Dimensions of each channel: 5. It can be connected together to fit your need. per linear feet open surface area 51 GPM per feet flow rate. 95 incl VAT. 5 ft (0. 4-Inch HDPE Drainage Trench,Channel Drain with Plastic Grate,Black Plastic Garage Floor Drain,3x39 Trench Drain Grate,with 3 End Caps, for Garden, Driveway-3 Pack, Hassle-Free Installation and Removable Grates at lowest price, 2days delivery, 30days returns. Eliminating outdoor runoff water which can cause flooding and pooling around a property is quick and easy with the RELN storm drain channel system. We offer a water drainage channel system, along with many options for all your water drainage needs. ACO Hexdrain Pro Channel Drain 138mm x 150mm x 1000mm - C250 Load. Connect to Spee-D channel drainage system with coupling. Connect your 3- or 4-inch drain pipe to the end outlet and use the tabs to connect it. A linear drainage channel allows the water to drain safely away from flat surfaces, keeping your property. NDS Spee-D Channel Drains and Grates 10-ft L x 5-3/4-in W x 5-3/4-in dia Drain. Channel drain easily connects to underground drainage systems thanks to its 3- and 4-inch outlets. Our Micro channel drain sections snap. Model # 83355. Excavate and form the driveway trench. The SlabDrain – HK series are available in 4” (H100K-6 & H100-8), 8” (H200K-13), and 12” (H300K-13) internal width. 14 in. Channel Drainage. The water is carried to a discharge point downstream such as a pop-up emitter or to percolate into the ground with a dry well or infiltration trench. The aggregate increases void space for. Trench drains are typically sold in pieces and assembled on site. Commercial water drainage systems allow safe and efficient drainage for grassed areas, gardens, farms, patio areas, pool sides, office. 6. In time grass will grow over the gravel and. At ABT, we are proud to be the premier supplier of line drainage products in America. The lightweight design of EZ-Drain makes installation easier, saving our customer time and money. Made in Australia, from 100% recycled polymer, EasyDRAIN Standard is a sustainable and eco-friendly drainage choice for homeowners and installers. Comes with 1 Spee-D Channel Drain End Cap. including “weeping tile,” “trench drain,” and “channel drain. 5″ deep at 0. Comes in 4 foot sections to easily extend runs. NDS Micro Channel Drains; NDS Slim Channel; NDS Mini Channel Drains; NDS Spee-D® Channel Drains;. 1" H x 39. The video shown here displays the assembly and installation of the K100 series. Channel Drain - the core of the system is, of course, the trench drain channels, which are 72" (6ft) long, pre-sloped and numbered from #1 and up, with larger # indicating deeper channel. Pick a Spot and a Drain. Do not have the pipe enter the basin flush with the side of the basin. All grating tested and certified to ANSI/NSF/CAN 50-2020. Now, install the 4” perforated pipe. 4 in. Unlike other systems on the list, trench drains are a surface system. 5% slope or 28″ deep at 1% slope to handle the flow volume of 10 cfs. Top Rated. 8x3. Comes in 4 foot sections to easily extend runs. 4 in. NDS 12″ Pro Series Cheat Sheet: Channel Length: 1/2m: Channel Width (OD)Fits Spee-D Channel Drain Grate on top which helps prevent debris from entering and clogging the drainage system. Image. 7″ channel lengths and 4″ and 8″ nominal widths. The deep depth design diverts water efficiently around the home. ___ -ADA-USA Meets Americans with Disabilities ActSwiftdrain's commercial grade trench drains include the 100, 200, 300 supreme polymer concrete trench drain. At Andy’s Sprinkler, Drainage & Lighting, we provide channel drain systems maintenance to keep your investment in top shape. Featuring multiple size options and an interlocking design, this drain system offers flexibility. 5-Inch HDPE Drainage Trench, Black Plastic Garage Floor Drain, 4x39 Trench Drain Grate, with 4 End Caps, for Garden, Driveway-4 Pack: Drain Strainers - Amazon. KlassikDrain is a general purpose trench drain system available in 4″ (100 mm) – K100, 8″ (200 mm) – K200 and 12″ (300 mm) – K300 internal width with either galvanized or stainless steel edge rail. A. Removable grates make it easy to clean debris from channel for maintenance. 5% slope built in but can be manufactured with any slope specified.